![]() Negative reinforcement is removing unpleasant (aversive) stimulus that tends to increase the likelihood of repetition of that behaviour.įor example, Alis cleans up his room (behaviour) to avoid his mother’s nagging (aversive stimulus).ģ. Positive Reinforcement is introducing a pleasant stimulus (rewards) to increase the repetition of that behaviour.įor example, the child is allowed to eat dessert (reward) for finishing the homework (behaviour).Ģ. And the student gets his final reward when he speaks in German fluently for an entire period of 1 hour. Then, He rewards him for speaking in German for 30minutes. He firstly rewards the student when he introduces himself in German. This process of successive approximations leads to a final desired behaviour.įor example, Ben is trying to teach German to a student. And lastly, only the desired behaviour is rewarded. Later, only the behaviour that is very close to the desired behaviour is reinforced through rewards. Shaping – It is the process that includes reinforcers to guide individuals closer and closer to a desired behaviour.įirstly, all behaviour that is related to the desired behaviour is reinforced by rewards. Punishment – It is the process of decreasing the likelihood of repeating a previous behaviour.ģ. It is the process of strengthening behaviour through reinforcers.Ģ. Reinforcement – It is an essential principle of operant conditioning. When a child misbehaves in public, the parents refuse to get ice cream, thereby using punishment to decrease the undesirable behaviour. Actions or behaviours that are followed with praise or encouragement (reinforcement) tend to increase and actions or behaviours that are met with punishment or annoyance tend to decrease.įor example, when a child finishes his/her homework within a given time frame, and the parent praises the child for this behaviour, the child is reinforced to repeat these behaviours. Individuals associate their behaviours with consequences. Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through punishments and rewards for behaviour. These instruments displayed the process of reinforcement, which means whether an action encourages a particular response. There was also another instrument kept outside that recorded their responses. This box had a lever that an animal (rat) could press to gain a reward (food or water). He conducted a study that displays operant conditioning.įor the experiment, he designed an operant chamber, which is popularly known as Skinner’s box. Skinner was an influential human in the field of behaviourism. In the previous example, Isla watches Kim goes through pain because of the burn, hence, she was not motivated to repeat the action. If the observer watches an action and notices positive or neutral consequences, he or she is likely to repeat that action.He/she would then reproduce that action if there were enough motivation to do that.He/she also needs to retain the memory of that action.He/she needs to pay attention to that particular action.Firstly, an individual must observe a particular action.She has learnt from Kim’s actions and the consequences. Isla avoids going too close to candles now. It states that individuals learn new behaviours through observing and imitating others.įor example, Isla watches Kim goes near a candle and burn his finger. Social learning theory is another useful and popular theory of learning. This experiment was a pioneer for classical conditioning. After several trials, the dog learnt to associate the ringing of a bell with food. He rang a bell (neutral stimulus) before providing food to the dog. Pavlov built a machine that would accurately determine the response of the dog while feeding. The theory states that learning can occur when an individual learns to associate two or more stimuli and can predict events based on that association. Source: Dusan Kostic/Adobe Stock Classical ConditioningĬlassical Conditioning is another useful and popular theory of learning. Key learning theories are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. There are many different types of learning theories. Learning is a process of gaining new and relatively persisting information or behaviours. ![]()
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